WEBVTT

1
00:00:12.520 --> 00:00:13.920
You

2
00:00:30.940 --> 00:00:33.720
Who were the first people to play chess

3
00:00:36.220 --> 00:00:42.600
Archaeologists have evidence that the great Egyptian civilization developed a board game nearly 5,000 years ago

4
00:00:44.520 --> 00:00:50.760
The Hindus created a war game played by four players nearly 5,000 years ago

5
00:00:55.100 --> 00:00:59.900
Unfortunately the exact origins of the game of chess will remain a mystery

6
00:01:01.520 --> 00:01:02.220
An

7
00:01:02.220 --> 00:01:10.260
Ancient oriental poem written nearly 1,500 years ago describes a game more like the game of chess we play today

8
00:01:10.260 --> 00:01:14.240
Which was played in the royal courts of India during the fifth century

9
00:01:15.180 --> 00:01:19.000
Two players each commanded a miniature army of foot soldiers

10
00:01:20.080 --> 00:01:20.780
chariots

11
00:01:20.780 --> 00:01:21.760
horses

12
00:01:21.760 --> 00:01:23.720
elephants and

13
00:01:23.720 --> 00:01:26.640
military advisors all led by a king

14
00:01:27.710 --> 00:01:31.910
Soon ambassadors from India introduced the game to their neighbors the Persians

15
00:01:33.170 --> 00:01:41.770
Civilization intrigued by the mysteries of astronomy and mathematics the Persians quickly adapted their own version of this fascinating game

16
00:01:42.470 --> 00:01:50.190
When Arabian armies conquered the Persian Empire in the seventh century the game of chess began its long journey west

17
00:01:50.190 --> 00:01:53.830
the Arabian conquerors crossed northern Africa

18
00:01:53.830 --> 00:01:57.390
Traveling westward until they invaded the shores of Spain in the eighth century

19
00:01:59.430 --> 00:02:04.330
In time the Arabs built palaces schools and libraries in Spain

20
00:02:04.330 --> 00:02:07.870
they introduced a new system of numbers and mathematics and

21
00:02:08.850 --> 00:02:10.430
a new pastime

22
00:02:10.430 --> 00:02:11.170
chess

23
00:02:12.110 --> 00:02:14.130
during the Middle Ages

24
00:02:14.130 --> 00:02:17.530
Chess became a favorite among royalty throughout Europe

25
00:02:17.530 --> 00:02:22.330
The shapes of the pieces were changed and some of the rules of the game were altered

26
00:02:22.330 --> 00:02:26.810
Until the modern chess game was standardized in the 16th century

27
00:02:27.930 --> 00:02:35.730
Feudalism was a social system developed during the Middle Ages to provide protection for the people during an era of wars and strife

28
00:02:36.790 --> 00:02:40.730
Serfs were farmers and laborers in the servitude of powerful noblemen

29
00:02:41.350 --> 00:02:43.290
Who were the wealthy landowners?

30
00:02:44.250 --> 00:02:50.170
During time of war the Lords would provide protection for their serfs in great stone castles

31
00:02:53.110 --> 00:02:56.770
The church had great influence and power during the medieval times

32
00:02:57.730 --> 00:03:02.690
Bishops were men of wisdom and the churches were centers of knowledge

33
00:03:04.650 --> 00:03:12.390
The king and his queen were the absolute rulers of their land loyal knights and envoys enforced the royal laws

34
00:03:16.670 --> 00:03:20.610
The familiar Staunton chess pieces used in the game of chess today

35
00:03:21.770 --> 00:03:24.110
Symbolize people of the Middle Ages

36
00:03:24.770 --> 00:03:28.330
The object of the game is to capture the enemy's king

37
00:03:29.430 --> 00:03:35.910
The white army and the dark army are placed on an imaginary battlefield called the chessboard

38
00:03:38.270 --> 00:03:45.290
The board is placed between two players so that the right-hand corner square nearest each player is a white square

39
00:03:53.990 --> 00:03:56.450
There are six different chess pieces

40
00:03:58.230 --> 00:03:58.950
pawn

41
00:03:59.910 --> 00:04:00.630
rook

42
00:04:01.730 --> 00:04:02.450
knight

43
00:04:03.690 --> 00:04:04.410
bishop

44
00:04:05.170 --> 00:04:05.890
queen

45
00:04:07.030 --> 00:04:08.470
and king

46
00:04:09.210 --> 00:04:13.050
Chess pieces move on the board in three distinct paths

47
00:04:13.050 --> 00:04:19.370
If a piece moves from one side to another the path that travels is called a rank

48
00:04:20.250 --> 00:04:29.470
If a chess piece moves forward or backward up and down the board the path that travels is called a file

49
00:04:29.470 --> 00:04:37.410
Rank and file are old military terms used to describe soldiers lining up for battle

50
00:04:39.070 --> 00:04:44.530
The third way some chess pieces move is forward or backward diagonally

51
00:04:47.270 --> 00:04:51.890
With the board placed properly the white square to the right of each player

52
00:04:51.890 --> 00:04:56.310
Let us see how the chessmen prepare for battle

53
00:04:56.310 --> 00:04:59.630
Eight pawns are lined up on the second ranks

54
00:04:59.630 --> 00:05:03.390
The pawns protect the more powerful pieces

55
00:05:04.250 --> 00:05:09.930
Two rooks are placed on each corner behind their pawns

56
00:05:09.930 --> 00:05:13.350
Two knights are placed next to the rooks

57
00:05:13.350 --> 00:05:15.990
The two bishops are placed next

58
00:05:17.790 --> 00:05:18.910
the expression

59
00:05:18.910 --> 00:05:21.450
Queen on her own color means

60
00:05:21.450 --> 00:05:29.330
If you are playing the white pieces the queen is placed on the white square and the king takes the remaining black square

61
00:05:29.330 --> 00:05:35.550
If you're playing the black pieces the queen is placed on the black square and the king is placed on the remaining white square

62
00:05:39.110 --> 00:05:47.090
Now that the two armies are ready for battle let us see how each piece moves or captures the enemy

63
00:05:50.370 --> 00:05:52.310
On its first move

64
00:05:52.310 --> 00:05:58.910
Each pawn has the option to move forward in its file one or two squares

65
00:05:58.910 --> 00:06:04.550
After the first move each pawn can move forward only one square at a time

66
00:06:04.550 --> 00:06:12.250
A pawn cannot move backwards and cannot move forward if blocked by a piece occupying the square in front of it

67
00:06:13.510 --> 00:06:21.310
The serfs were foot soldiers called pikemen and like the pawns were the first to charge in battle

68
00:06:24.910 --> 00:06:30.570
They carried their heavy shields directly in front of them and held their pikes to either side when attacking

69
00:06:31.490 --> 00:06:35.130
The pawn attacks diagonally in the same manner

70
00:06:35.830 --> 00:06:43.930
After the pawn has captured his enemy square. He can continue to move up the new file one square at a time

71
00:06:44.650 --> 00:06:51.130
If the pawn is able to reach the opposite end of the board during the game, he may be replaced with any piece except the king

72
00:06:52.310 --> 00:06:55.990
Usually the queen is chosen because of her great power in the game

73
00:06:56.650 --> 00:06:59.510
The castle-shaped pieces are called rooks

74
00:07:00.070 --> 00:07:07.050
The rooks were the special envoys of the king covering the far boundaries of the king's land carrying out his orders

75
00:07:07.810 --> 00:07:12.890
The rook travels on the rank and file paths throughout the game

76
00:07:13.570 --> 00:07:20.870
The rook moves forward and backward on any open rank or file providing there's no other piece in his way

77
00:07:23.270 --> 00:07:26.970
If you are white, how would you move your rook?

78
00:07:28.310 --> 00:07:32.410
Your rook can safely capture either pawn numbered one

79
00:07:33.170 --> 00:07:35.490
Or pawn numbered two

80
00:07:40.090 --> 00:07:43.410
If your rook were to capture pawn numbered three

81
00:07:44.490 --> 00:07:49.050
He would expose himself to capture by pawn numbered four

82
00:07:51.090 --> 00:07:57.390
The knight was a member of nobility in the king's court. He was a trained warrior from early boyhood

83
00:07:59.010 --> 00:08:03.910
The knight fought swiftly his moves in battle were unpredictable

84
00:08:05.030 --> 00:08:09.970
The knight in the chess game also has a very special move

85
00:08:10.850 --> 00:08:13.610
The knight moves two squares forward

86
00:08:14.370 --> 00:08:17.110
Or backward on any rank or file

87
00:08:18.130 --> 00:08:20.870
And then one square to either side

88
00:08:21.570 --> 00:08:27.450
The knight is the only piece that can jump over other pieces both his own or the enemy

89
00:08:28.790 --> 00:08:32.010
If you are white, how would you move your knight?

90
00:08:33.270 --> 00:08:36.610
Your knight can safely capture either pawn numbered one

91
00:08:37.890 --> 00:08:40.130
Or rook numbered two

92
00:08:44.810 --> 00:08:48.730
But if your knight were to capture pawn numbered three

93
00:08:49.530 --> 00:08:52.710
He could then be captured by rook numbered four

94
00:08:55.990 --> 00:09:03.910
The bishops were the judges of good and evil during the middle ages their knowledge aided the king in his decisions

95
00:09:05.250 --> 00:09:11.570
There are two bishops one travels diagonally only on the light squares

96
00:09:12.370 --> 00:09:17.810
And the other travels diagonally only on the dark squares throughout the game

97
00:09:18.730 --> 00:09:27.230
The bishop moves forward or backward on the diagonal as many squares as he wants providing there's no other piece in his way

98
00:09:30.970 --> 00:09:34.790
If you are white, how would you move your bishop?

99
00:09:35.850 --> 00:09:39.650
Your bishop can safely capture either pawn numbered one

100
00:09:40.410 --> 00:09:42.410
Or rook numbered two

101
00:09:47.490 --> 00:09:48.170
Two

102
00:09:48.170 --> 00:09:50.970
But if your bishop were to capture pawn numbered three

103
00:09:52.690 --> 00:09:57.130
He exposes himself to possible capture by knight numbered four

104
00:09:59.790 --> 00:10:04.950
Early in the history of the game of chess the space now occupied by the queen

105
00:10:04.950 --> 00:10:09.370
Was occupied by a piece called the counselor who had very limited power

106
00:10:09.370 --> 00:10:16.770
During the 15th century powerful european queens introduced the queen with all her power to the game of chess

107
00:10:17.290 --> 00:10:22.690
The queen is the last protector of the king her power combines all the moves of the rook

108
00:10:23.610 --> 00:10:24.810
and the bishop

109
00:10:25.370 --> 00:10:29.670
The queen may move forward or backward on any open rank

110
00:10:30.250 --> 00:10:31.050
Or five

111
00:10:31.690 --> 00:10:34.850
And also move on a diagonal in any direction

112
00:10:35.770 --> 00:10:38.770
If you were white, how would you move your queen?

113
00:10:39.930 --> 00:10:43.510
Your queen can safely capture either pawn numbered one

114
00:10:44.330 --> 00:10:46.330
Or knight numbered two

115
00:10:52.170 --> 00:10:55.370
But if your queen were to capture bishop numbered three

116
00:10:57.090 --> 00:11:01.530
She exposes herself to possible capture by rook numbered four

117
00:11:03.450 --> 00:11:08.170
And your queen can safely capture either knight numbered five

118
00:11:08.970 --> 00:11:11.170
Or rook numbered six

119
00:11:14.630 --> 00:11:17.610
But if she captures pawn numbered seven

120
00:11:19.110 --> 00:11:22.330
She would be captured by bishop numbered eight

121
00:11:25.270 --> 00:11:29.150
The king was the most important figure in medieval times

122
00:11:31.090 --> 00:11:35.530
During a war the king was well protected from capture by his subjects

123
00:11:36.130 --> 00:11:43.730
The chess king moves and captures just like the queen except he can move only one square

124
00:11:44.330 --> 00:11:45.670
at a time

125
00:11:46.770 --> 00:11:50.890
Remember the object of the game is to capture the enemy's king

126
00:11:50.890 --> 00:11:55.670
When a king is threatened to be captured we say the king is in check

127
00:11:56.390 --> 00:12:00.570
The king must move out of the square. He is occupying to the safety of another

128
00:12:03.110 --> 00:12:04.310
Check again

129
00:12:05.530 --> 00:12:09.150
When the king is trapped it is called checkmate

130
00:12:10.010 --> 00:12:14.510
The king is placed down on the board and the game is over

131
00:12:15.490 --> 00:12:17.330
A stalemate occurs

132
00:12:17.850 --> 00:12:23.970
When a player's king is not in check and his only move on the board puts his king into check

133
00:12:24.630 --> 00:12:27.090
A stalemate is a tie game

134
00:12:27.930 --> 00:12:31.050
There is a special move in chess called castling

135
00:12:31.950 --> 00:12:36.130
In castling the king and the rook are moved on the same play

136
00:12:37.190 --> 00:12:42.570
In order to castle the king and the rook must remain on their original squares from the start of the game

137
00:12:43.350 --> 00:12:48.570
Also, there can be no other pieces yours or your opponents between the king and the rook

138
00:12:50.390 --> 00:12:55.370
Castling can be done on both the king side and the queen side of the chessboard

139
00:12:56.090 --> 00:12:57.710
For castling king side

140
00:12:57.710 --> 00:13:01.470
The king moves two squares on its side of the board

141
00:13:02.010 --> 00:13:05.530
And the kingside rook moves two squares around the king

142
00:13:06.690 --> 00:13:09.010
For castling queen side

143
00:13:09.010 --> 00:13:12.150
The king moves two squares to the queen side of the board

144
00:13:13.130 --> 00:13:16.250
And the queenside rook moves three squares around the king

145
00:13:18.210 --> 00:13:20.670
Castling king side

146
00:13:22.530 --> 00:13:23.730
Castling queenside.

147
00:13:24.630 --> 00:13:28.050
If the king is in check, he cannot be rescued by castling.

148
00:13:30.490 --> 00:13:33.450
One other special move in chess is called en passant,

149
00:13:33.710 --> 00:13:35.090
which means in passing.

150
00:13:36.090 --> 00:13:41.090
This occurs on the first move of a pawn when it is faced by an enemy pawn,

151
00:13:41.510 --> 00:13:45.750
two ranks up, and one file to the side.

152
00:13:47.010 --> 00:13:49.670
If the white pawn moves forward two squares,

153
00:13:50.570 --> 00:13:55.150
the dark pawn may capture it as though it had moved only one square.

154
00:13:55.910 --> 00:13:58.070
This is known as capturing en passant.

155
00:14:00.130 --> 00:14:02.050
Let us play a game of chess.

156
00:14:03.230 --> 00:14:04.130
We are white.

157
00:14:05.330 --> 00:14:07.310
The white side always moves first.

158
00:14:08.510 --> 00:14:13.630
A strong opening move would be to move our king pawn forward two squares.

159
00:14:14.970 --> 00:14:19.270
This move opens up possible diagonal moves for both our queens.

160
00:14:19.270 --> 00:14:20.850
And bishop.

161
00:14:22.790 --> 00:14:27.650
Our opponent also opens in the same manner by moving his king pawn forward two squares.

162
00:14:29.190 --> 00:14:32.150
This move blocks forward movement of our pawn,

163
00:14:33.310 --> 00:14:35.870
and opens up his queen and bishop diagonals.

164
00:14:38.930 --> 00:14:40.770
We now advance our king bishop.

165
00:14:41.610 --> 00:14:46.710
This enables us to control two of the open squares in front of our opponent's queen and king.

166
00:14:47.870 --> 00:14:50.670
Dark moves his king bishop in the same manner.

167
00:14:52.250 --> 00:14:54.870
We move the queen knight to protect our pawn.

168
00:14:56.050 --> 00:14:57.850
The enemy moves his queen forward.

169
00:14:59.250 --> 00:15:02.510
We must remember to study our opponent's moves at all times.

170
00:15:02.810 --> 00:15:05.370
Since the queen is the most powerful piece on the board,

171
00:15:05.670 --> 00:15:08.390
and dark has moved his queen so early in the game,

172
00:15:08.730 --> 00:15:10.790
we must be alert to a possible attack.

173
00:15:12.750 --> 00:15:16.810
We move our knight to threaten the opponent's queen,

174
00:15:17.630 --> 00:15:19.770
forcing him to move the queen or risk capture.

175
00:15:20.890 --> 00:15:22.210
If the queen is moved,

176
00:15:22.730 --> 00:15:26.650
our knight could capture the queen bishop pawn on its next move,

177
00:15:26.950 --> 00:15:28.650
putting the dark king in check,

178
00:15:29.390 --> 00:15:31.790
and be in a position to capture the queen rook.

179
00:15:33.510 --> 00:15:35.610
Our opponent's attack is cleverly developed.

180
00:15:35.610 --> 00:15:40.710
The dark queen captures our pawn and puts our king in check.

181
00:15:41.850 --> 00:15:44.230
Since the queen is protected by the dark bishop,

182
00:15:44.850 --> 00:15:47.050
we cannot capture it with our king.

183
00:15:47.870 --> 00:15:48.350
Checkmate.

184
00:15:49.610 --> 00:15:50.890
We lose the game.

185
00:15:52.930 --> 00:15:54.230
Let's play the game again.

186
00:15:55.190 --> 00:15:57.550
Sometimes chess games take 40 or 50 moves.

187
00:15:58.590 --> 00:16:00.690
We'll start the game at the third move.

188
00:16:02.590 --> 00:16:08.410
This time, we move our king knight instead of the queen knight

189
00:16:08.410 --> 00:16:12.250
to threaten dark's pawn and launch an attack.

190
00:16:13.950 --> 00:16:17.590
Our opponent moves his queen forward again to protect his pawn

191
00:16:17.590 --> 00:16:19.990
and hopes that we will move our knight

192
00:16:19.990 --> 00:16:24.030
so that his queen can capture our pawn and check our king,

193
00:16:24.270 --> 00:16:25.390
like in the first game.

194
00:16:26.890 --> 00:16:30.010
We now move the queen bishop pawn forward one square.

195
00:16:30.010 --> 00:16:33.270
Dark moves the queen pawn forward one square

196
00:16:33.270 --> 00:16:35.090
to protect his bishop and pawn.

197
00:16:36.210 --> 00:16:40.570
We continue the attack by moving our queen pawn forward two squares,

198
00:16:41.410 --> 00:16:43.290
threatening the enemy's bishop and pawn.

199
00:16:44.610 --> 00:16:48.250
Our opponent's bishop must either retreat, which is a wasted move,

200
00:16:48.690 --> 00:16:51.450
or capture the pawn, which is a bad move

201
00:16:51.450 --> 00:16:54.730
because we would capture the dark bishop with our backing pawn.

202
00:16:54.730 --> 00:16:59.730
It is unwise to capture a weak piece and lose a stronger piece.

203
00:17:00.870 --> 00:17:04.470
Therefore, dark uses his pawn to capture our pawn.

204
00:17:05.790 --> 00:17:09.110
We expand the attack by moving our queen bishop forward

205
00:17:09.110 --> 00:17:11.330
to threaten the enemy's queen.

206
00:17:12.430 --> 00:17:14.250
Our bishop is protected by the knight.

207
00:17:15.530 --> 00:17:19.430
Dark's queen cannot retreat because our bishop would capture her.

208
00:17:20.030 --> 00:17:22.550
She cannot move forward because of our pawn.

209
00:17:22.550 --> 00:17:26.370
She cannot move diagonally forward because of our knight.

210
00:17:27.070 --> 00:17:31.030
She cannot move to the square on her right because of our other bishop.

211
00:17:31.970 --> 00:17:35.530
Her only safe move is one square to her left.

212
00:17:36.550 --> 00:17:38.650
We decide to castle on the king's side

213
00:17:38.650 --> 00:17:40.590
to assure the safety of the king

214
00:17:40.590 --> 00:17:44.930
and at the same time free our powerful rook to continue the attack.

215
00:17:46.270 --> 00:17:50.030
Our opponent is worried about all our pieces controlling the center of the board,

216
00:17:50.030 --> 00:17:52.850
so he captures an undefended pawn.

217
00:17:54.210 --> 00:17:57.090
We move our rook to trap Dark's queen.

218
00:17:58.150 --> 00:18:01.650
She cannot move out of the file without exposing her king to check.

219
00:18:02.710 --> 00:18:05.730
The dark queen must capture our rook to protect herself.

220
00:18:06.510 --> 00:18:08.530
She checks our king. Check.

221
00:18:09.870 --> 00:18:13.990
Our queen captures the enemy's queen and checks the dark king.

222
00:18:14.910 --> 00:18:15.950
We call check.

223
00:18:16.970 --> 00:18:19.730
Dark blocks the check by moving the king knight.

224
00:18:21.290 --> 00:18:23.290
Our queen captures the enemy's knight.

225
00:18:24.270 --> 00:18:25.190
We call check.

226
00:18:26.310 --> 00:18:28.410
Our queen is protected by the bishop.

227
00:18:29.810 --> 00:18:32.430
Our opponent's king is unable to move out of check.

228
00:18:33.090 --> 00:18:35.490
Checkmate. We win.

229
00:18:55.110 --> 00:18:56.510
© BF-WATCH TV 2021