WEBVTT

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This is a petri dish of the thysarum polycephalum, a slime mold that makes an ideal organism

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for cellular research.

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Ordinarily it grows on decaying wood out in the forest, but growing it in the laboratory

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is a different matter.

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First a plasma is made and put in jars that are shaken in this machine so that it is thoroughly

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mixed.

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Now a small amount is placed on some absorbent paper in the petri dish, and a nutritive solution

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is added.

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Here in time lapse photography you see the growth taking place as it spreads out over

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the absorbent paper.

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Here is a close up and you can see the actual slime mold beginning to grow.

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It spreads out with these fan-like protrusions in all directions.

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Normally the spores are carried by the wind to other locations, but here in the laboratory

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thysarum polycephalum will just keep on growing in one location.

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Here is a microscopic picture showing streaming of the protoplasm.

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Dr. Harold Rush and his colleagues at the McCardell Laboratory at the University of

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found that in order to make it sporulate it had to be placed in this light chamber for

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a matter of about four hours.

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This light treatment causes these spore heads to form and then they grow larger and larger.

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And here you see this pulsing type growth through time lapse photography.

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It cannot be seen at normal speed and it just keeps on growing like this.

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A group of researchers at the University of Minnesota tried to grow thysarum polycephalum

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in their laboratory and were unable to make it sporulate even though they very carefully

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followed the protocol established by Dr. Rush and his colleagues at the University of Wisconsin.

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They made a similar light chamber in the same number and size of fluorescent tubes, but

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the thysarum polycephalum would not sporulate.

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That is until they discovered cool white fluorescent tubes were used at the University of Wisconsin

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and they had used warm white tubes at the University of Minnesota.

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Cool white has more energy in the yellow-green wavelengths and warm white has more energy

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in the orange-pink.

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This emphasizes that different biological responses react to specific wavelengths of

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light energy.

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And then it quiets down and the spore heads begin to mature and turn a darker color.

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It's really dark now, fully matured and ready to burst open and release the spores.

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Light is not the only factor affecting growth.

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Here is one of the county agents in Kansas showing a comparison of good wheat grown on

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one side of a highway with some very poor wheat growing on the other side of the same highway.

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Both fields were planted with the same seed by the same farmer at the same time, but the

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wheat from the good field had crop rotation and fertilization.

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They both had the same amount of natural sunlight.

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The unfertilized wheat is stunted in growth and seriously infected with disease.

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Here is a gardenia plant and notice how yellow and sickly looking the leaves are.

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This is usually due to a lack of iron, but fertilizer containing ordinary sulfate of

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iron didn't do any good.

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When I gave it chelated iron, watch what happened.

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It started new, healthy, vigorous green growth.

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The pulsing up and down motion is the result of the day and night period.

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With chelated iron, it just takes on new life, puts forth more green leaves, and now watch the buds develop.

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The advantages of natural fertilizer compared with chemical fertilizer has always been a

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very controversial subject.

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Here you see chemical fertilizer being applied, and now the natural organic fertilizer.

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Here is soil in a box with a glass front.

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It is divided into three sections.

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The center section is plain soil and the arrow points to a corn seed.

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On the left, a popular chemical fertilizer has been added to the soil.

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You can see a spot of full strength chemical fertilizer.

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On the right, organic fertilizer has been added, and you can see a dark spot of full

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strength organic fertilizer.

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As the soil is watered evenly across the top, you'll notice that it penetrates down a little

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faster on the left side with the chemical fertilizer.

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The organic fertilizer absorbs more moisture and is a little slower in penetrating down

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to the deeper depths.

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We're going to watch and see if there's any difference in the growth of the roots from

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the same seed.

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Plain soil is in the center, chemical fertilizer on the left, organic fertilizer on the right.

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Here is a close-up of the seed, and you'll notice the roots starting downward and the

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shoot going upward.

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In this particular picture, all the roots seem to go a little to the left, but they

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go right on by the spot of full strength chemical fertilizer.

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There's no tendency to turn toward it or away from it.

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Over on the right-hand side, you see how the roots have developed and gone right through

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the organic fertilizer, but there's no noticeable turn toward either fertilizer, and the roots

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will go right through the full strength chemical fertilizer.

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The conclusion is, fertilizer does not alter the pattern of root growth.

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Other pictures I have taken show that roots do not turn toward water or moisture in the

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soil either.

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This is a soil test to show the bacteria in the soil and that fertilizer can be applied

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in the fall of the year, when working conditions are usually better and the ground is not so muddy.

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I brought some fertilized soil into the laboratory and made up a slide, here being placed in

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the microscope with the time-lapse equipment.

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And through time-lapse photography, you can see the bacterial activity that's in the soil.

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Then, as the soil temperature diminishes during the wintertime, you see all this activity

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just comes to a standstill as everything freezes solid.

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Covered by the snow during the wintertime, it's locked in the ground.

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In the spring of the year, when the soil temperature rises and reaches just the right temperature,

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there are all of a sudden numerous little explosions of soil bacteria, as one after

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another of these colonies burst, releasing the bacteria throughout the soil.

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Under a high-powered microscope, you can see what each of those little white specks look

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like.

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Here is another experiment showing the importance of temperature, an x-ray picture of a spot

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of TB on the lung, which might be compared to a black spot on a rose leaf.

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Here is a rose plant. Notice the leaf on the upper right-hand corner has two little scars

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where it was scratched and where black spot spores were applied. Through time-lapse photography,

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you can see the rose bud open.

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Dr. O.J. Agstey, a biologist from the University of Nebraska, was helping me with this project.

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Through the microscope, you see some black spot spores. We worked for weeks trying to

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make the spores germinate, but with no success. Finally, he had to go back to the university

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when fall classes started. So we made 12 slides, placed one in each microscope to take time-lapse

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pictures, and put the remaining 10 in a refrigerator to hold growth back until I could get to them,

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one a day in each microscope.

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The two that were put immediately into the microscope remained perfectly dormant. No

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growth developed at all. But those placed in the refrigerator with the thought of holding

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them back all germinated and grew very nicely.

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Temperature is also a factor in the insect world. Here you see a caterpillar as it starts

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to spin a cocoon. And now, in the spring of the year, when things warm up, the caterpillar

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has changed to a butterfly that works its way out of the cocoon. We'll watch it now

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as it works a leg out and finally can get hold of the branch and pull itself out.

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You can see its wings beginning to stretch as it exercises them. The cocoon, or chrysalis,

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is not solely for the purpose of self-preservation during the wintertime. It is obvious that

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some insects must be chilled before they will complete the pupa stage. It is known that

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many moths and butterflies will not emerge from cocoon or chrysalis if brought into the

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house too early in the fall. It is thought that the reason is they dry out if kept indoors

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too long.

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In discussing this with several just-planned, good old-fashioned nature teachers, I am told

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that if cocoons are placed in the refrigerator for a while when brought indoors early in

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the fall, there is no problem about their drying out. The butterflies and moths will

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emerge perfectly.

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Early in the summer of 1948, Northwestern University Medical School was interested in

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a project of time-lapse studies of the growth and division of cancer cells. Tissue culture

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slides were prepared from rat tumors. Dozens and dozens of slides were prepared and carefully

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transported in heated thermos jugs, but not a single picture showed any cell division

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taking place.

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Serious consideration was being given to the question of how much longer it was worthwhile

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to carry this project further. Then one day, the intern who was transporting the heated

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tumors jug in the back of the car carelessly allowed the cover to jiggle loose and come

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off. The slides were cold on arrival, and we felt they obviously had been completely

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ruined. But I put them in the microscopes anyway and started the cameras going. The

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chromosomes within the cell lined up and split in two as the cancer cell actually divided.

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It was hard to realize that after all these months of work, the picture of cell division

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happened on a slide that through carelessness had been chilled so that we considered it

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hardly worth photographic at all. This was the first slide that showed any cell division.

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Here you see a time-lapse picture showing the fungus that develops in the nasal discharge

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of a person with an ordinary head cold. You can see the fungus growing in the sporeheads

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as they develop. A little branch is growing downward. Watch the end of it. A new sporehead

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is developing there. When the sporehead breaks open, the spores will carry the fungus to

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other locations. As the fungus grows, these cells also appear in the nasal discharge.

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This activity cannot be seen except through time-lapse photography. The same type of active

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white blood cells appear to be nature's way of fighting the fungus growth. A different

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type of fungus growth appears in the nasal discharge of people who have deep chest colds

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and laryngitis. But again, the same type of active cells appear to also fight this fungus

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growth. Now I'm going to show you some pictures of pollen. I will take an ordinary slide with

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a stigma from one blossom and some pollen from another. Then I add a media to stimulate

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active growth and cover it over with an ordinary cover slip. Normally I would seal this with

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Vaseline, but just to save time, I'll look at it through the microscope to see if there's

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anything of interest. If it does look good, I'll take it over to the microscope cabinet

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with the time-lapse cameras, put it in position, test the exposure with an electronic exposure

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meter, and then close everything up and start the time-lapse cameras. Finally, I'll put

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the cover on so that it acts as an incubator to keep everything at the proper temperature.

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Now here you can see through the microscope a stigma with a grain of pollen, but there's

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no activity because this stigma is dead. Just no activity at all, even through time-lapse

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photography. But here is a living stigma, and you can see the microscopic chemical particles

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that penetrate right through the outer membrane of the grain of pollen, activating the inner

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contents or protoplasm. Here is a pollen tube growing. It penetrates the surface of the

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stigma, and then through the pollen tube flows the protoplasm from the grain of pollen into

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the stigma, which in this case is a corn silk that may be anywhere up to approximately one

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foot in length. Each kernel on the cob has its own single silk, and altogether they form

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the tassel. Each silk must be pollinated individually for all the kernels to fully develop.

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Here is a grain of pollen in a slide that was drying up, so I added a drop of distilled

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water. The additional water and capillary pressure caused the grain of pollen to quickly burst

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open, and again through time-lapse photography you can see the contents are very active.

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In this picture you can see a light flare that was caused by the microscope light not

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being properly adjusted. Photographically speaking it is a very poor picture, but watch

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what happens. Could the increased intensity of any particular wavelength be in any way

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responsible for the increasing activity of this cell as seen through time-lapse photography?

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However also note the little droplets of fluid forming on the grain of pollen to the right

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of the very active cell. I will explain more about this later.

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Here is another grain of pollen, ragweed pollen, and you can see little droplets forming. This

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is in the nasal secretion of a person who is ordinarily subject to hay fever, and the

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chemical reaction with the individual's particular body chemistry appears to be just what's necessary

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to activate the grains of pollen and cause them to give off these little droplets of

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fluid. These in turn may be what causes the irritation rather than contact with the outer

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shell of the grain of pollen itself.

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Here are several grains of pollen. Normally a pollen tube will grow straight outward from

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the eye of each grain. The one you see in the center of this picture just happened to

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be in line toward the stigma and grows straight to it. However note that the grain of pollen

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on the upper right part of this picture starts out growing toward the upper right corner,

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but watch how it turns in a wide arc and also grows toward the stigma.

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Here is another picture of a grain of pollen right on the stigma and actually making contact

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with it. You can see the pollen tube starting to grow upward. The pollen tube immediately

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makes a very sharp turn completely around and back toward the stigma. The question is

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what makes pollen tubes change their direction of growth toward the stigma when the roots

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of plants do not alter the direction of their growth toward either fertilizer or moisture?

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This picture shows some aphids on the leaf of an orange tree shortly after radar equipment

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was installed at a nearby airport a number of years ago. I noticed that every few seconds

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all the aphids would tense up in unison and do sort of a little dance as you see in the

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picture. Upon further investigation I found that the interval of time between the activity

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of each dance coincided exactly with the rotation of the radar rotor device at the airport which

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was a distance of approximately 14 miles. While this distance is vastly greater than

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the total area of the microscopic picture of the pollen tubes, it is nothing compared

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to that involved in communicating with satellites traveling to the moon, Mars, Jupiter and beyond.

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Here is a time lapse picture of the coils of a tungsten filament taken over the full

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burning life of an ordinary incandescent light bulb. The surface of the metal in the coils

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is very smooth when it is new but begins to crinkle and get rough from the extreme heat

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as the light bulb is used. These rough spots can act as point emitters and give off radiation

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in addition to the normal output of visible light. One of the major light bulb manufacturing

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companies has published in its literature to dealers that it uses extreme care in its

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manufacturing processes to make certain that the surface of the filaments will be perfectly

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smooth so this will not happen. However, no matter how smooth the surface of the filament

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of a new bulb, this picture shows how the heat from the normal usage of the bulb will

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produce this crinkling and crackling over the normal lifetime of the light bulb. This

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is a sporocarp that grows on an aquatic plant known as the myceli quadrifolia or clover

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leaf fern. The sporocarp drops into the water, swells and births open, releasing true egg

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masses. A gelatin material dissolves, releasing a few eggs at a time. Here you see a small

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egg that is drifting away from the egg clusters. This is a sperm case as seen through a high

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powered microscope. It also births open in the water, releasing the sperm that begin

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to get up their own power and swim directly toward the egg. And here you see a dish type

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antenna right at the end of the egg that attracts the sperms. They make contact and then go

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into reverse and back away. Here you see a group of sperms all fighting for position

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to make contact with this radar-like antenna dish. Clumping of the red blood cells in the

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muscular system has long been considered a major problem by many scientists. Such clumping

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blocks the flow of blood in the very small capillaries where oxygen and nutritive material

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in the blood pass into the body tissues and carbon dioxide and waste matter are absorbed

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into the bloodstream. This microscope slide shows clumping of red cells in human blood

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into long chains after five minutes of exposing the blood directly in front of a video display

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terminal, model Ikigami EM125A. After five minutes of exposing the blood directly in

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front of an ultraviolet light source of radiation shielded full spectrum outlight fluorescent

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fixture, model 2020, and using dark field microscopy the long chains of red cells in

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the man's blood break up. These pictures were taken using a phase contrast microscope with

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an orange-red filter in the light source. They are part of a research project originally

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intended to study the effect of adding various tranquilizers into the growth media of tissue

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cultures of the pigment epithelial cells in the retina of a rabbit's eye. However,

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the study revealed that the color or wavelength of the microscope light source caused greater

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side effects and abnormal growth responses than the tranquilizing drugs being tested.

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More information is presented on this subject in the article entitled Color and Light, Their

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Effects on Plants, Animals, and People, published in the International Journal of Biosocial

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Research, Volumes 7 through 10, that are recommended as a study guide in connection with this film.

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Specific mention is made of the research work by Dr. Peter Langerhans with reference to

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the fact that he found it necessary to use a gold-colored stain in order to see the cells

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that now bear his name. The article also gives similar information regarding Professor Kim

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Bong-Han in reporting that he had to use an orange-colored stain in order to see cells

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which he refers to as Bong-Han corpuscles. The fact that the activity you see in these

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pictures happened to show up like this when I used an orange-red filter in the light source

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may be of particular interest. When I used a blue filter, you can see a similar but slightly

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different activity in what also appears to be a different type of white blood cell or

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leukocyte. There are a number of different types of leukocytes. Here you see what seems

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to me is the immune system running in high gear with all systems go.