WEBVTT

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To all ye here present in the parish of St. Xavier, in the borough of Lincoln Park, in

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the beautiful but polluted city of Chicago, governed by our most gracious and often loquacious

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King Richard of Bridgeport. Under the providence of Almighty God, we greet you in peace and

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love.

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Recorded history stretches back 5,000 years. 5,000 years ago, there were already great

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cities in existence. What is good about cities is the same now as it was then. As Sophocles

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put it, the city is people.

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I beseech you to join with us in our merry celebration. All hail!

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All hail!

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All hail!

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A lot of times in the city, people just go by and they won't notice anything at all.

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Like coming up on the aisle today. Nobody really noticed, which I thought was fabulous,

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because I was wearing this whole thing, as you see it now.

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I prefer the country to the city, but you know, you have to make a living.

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The city, there's a lot going on, but the farm just, I don't know, there wouldn't be

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enough action.

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I guess it's people. And that's the reason I like Lincoln Park, too, because there are

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a lot of things happening.

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A wonderful sense of community.

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What's important about a sense of community? Why should that exist?

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Because it doesn't exist many places in Chicago, I don't think. And this is one of the places

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that it does exist.

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Lincoln Park is a lively community in Chicago. More than many other parts of the city, there

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is still a lingering sense of the village, something that is hard to find these days

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in American cities. And that, many experts believe, is exactly what is wrong with them.

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The basic building block of the city is the neighborhood, the village within the city.

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Without viable neighborhoods, the city becomes a collection of strangers, an anonymous and

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faceless place.

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From about 12,000 years ago, the vast majority of people all through the planet have lived

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in small villages and neighborhoods. Up to within the last 50 years, four-fifths of the

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population on this planet lived in villages. This is an environment which has a long tradition.

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Take Greenwich Village. Greenwich Village wasn't a village even 100 years ago in the

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old sense. And yet there was a kind of neighborliness and friendliness, recognition that they were

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part of the same unit. People used to be proud of being members of the old Ninth Ward, much

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more than they were proud of being New Yorkers.

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These qualities are the things that kept the, these are the human qualities, the underlying

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face-to-face realities, which our impersonal abstract culture has almost wiped out.

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A city is not bricks and mortar, glass and steel. It is the life, the human life, the

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web of interrelationships that is important. City life is the life of many people living

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close together. The social structure of the city is far more important than the buildings

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themselves. High-rise buildings have given us the ability to concentrate fantastic numbers

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of people in small areas. What we have failed to consider is the effect this environment

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will have on the social organization of the city.

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The way people have lived for 12,000 years, isn't it to be dismissed and written off just

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because somebody is going to make a profit out of providing a different kind of a city

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for them to live in?

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Well, I think New York is insane in building out to the bulk headline with a brand new

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layer of city which will tower above everything we see there now when New York has a marvelous

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chance to limit its growth and have the growth happen in the boroughs and in other places.

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There's some kind of insane process which says that we must realize all potential real

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set values.

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Growth itself and bigness and power alone don't make a great city. People talk, as Jane

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Jacobs does, about the great city at the moment when it's in the state of complete deterioration,

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when life is scarcely possible anymore in our biggest city.

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The sky's a cry, look at the tears roll down the street.

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Our cities have been built for profit instead of people or to minimize costs at the expense

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of the poor.

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The most extreme example is public housing. One of the worst of these is the Pruitt-Igo

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project in St. Louis. This now defunct prison for the poor consisted of 36 buildings. Although

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it was anticipated that large numbers of children would live there, the project was originally

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built without a single playground. Over the years, Pruitt-Igo bred violence and misery.

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There was an interaction between the design and the problems that the community had, particularly

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the heavy concentration of children and early teenagers and the lack of an ability to control

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those kids and their behavior so that in many ways the people in Pruitt-Igo felt tyrannized

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by children, whether it was children dropping rocks or bottles out of high windows as you

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were breaking your windows. And then the management, which was hardly very competent

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in our understanding, making you pay for the windows which your neighbor's children had

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broken. People in Pruitt-Igo often spoke of it as a jungle and they tended to hold rather

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dim views of their neighbors and they saw the place as a dangerous, difficult, morally

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threatening environment. That tended to make people feel over time that perhaps there was

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something wrong with them or otherwise they wouldn't be stuck in a place like that. I

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think it had particularly that effect on the children in the project.

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In our short-sighted drive to realize all potential real estate value or to cut costs

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at the expense of basic human needs, we have set in motion forces that will be set us for

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a long time. Crime in the urban environment is epidemic and, short of a police state,

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there is no way law and order can be policed into being. Order must be organic. People

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must have a stake in the functioning of the city, something to gain by that order, something

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to lose if the order breaks down, a sense that it is responsive to their needs. The

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children of Pruitt-Igo, like the children of the streets in many parts of our cities,

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have experienced a hostile, bitter, and sometimes brutal world. Is it any wonder that they give

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as bad as they got?

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Oh, what a meal stuffed, huh?

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Amazing, really.

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What I mean, listen, that's slides of Afghanistan right now.

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No, really, Dave, listen, I have to go home.

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Oh, no, hey, honey, honey, come here, he said he had to go home.

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Oh, no, I know.

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I got an arrow. Look, when it gets late, it's very dangerous outside, so I thought I'd get home before the trouble starts.

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Well, no, you have a point. It is a jungle out there.

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No, I know.

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And not only there.

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Did you tell him?

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No, I didn't tell him.

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Not only on the street.

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What do you mean?

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In our high-rise, the lady next door was stabbed, she was raped, repeatedly assaulted,

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and they ripped off her whole stereo system.

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Oh, really?

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How many speakers did she have?

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She had four speakers.

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Beautiful walnut.

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A German turntable and quadrasonic sound.

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Everything went.

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Terrible.

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Terrible. Are you parked near here?

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A couple blocks.

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Run to your car.

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Run to my car?

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You're going to run me down the middle of the street in a zigzag motion, in and out of the light seat.

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No, I don't think so, honey.

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What do you mean?

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Well, if the police see him running in this neighborhood, they'll shoot him on sight.

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Oh, yeah.

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Sure.

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I'll take a cab to my car.

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All right.

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Okay, that's a good idea.

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One more thing.

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What?

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If you get home...

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When I get home?

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When I get home?

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I'm sorry. I'm sorry.

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When you get home, just give us a ring. Let us know you're safe.

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Okay, that's a good idea.

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And listen, in addition to that, why don't you buzz up from the lobby just to let us know you made it that far?

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All right?

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All right. If you think it's necessary...

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Oh, you won't be too sorry.

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You want to let me out?

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Oh, yeah.

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All right.

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Here you go.

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Look, you do me a favor.

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Lock your door as soon as I leave.

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Are you kidding me?

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I've got the whole house locked in here.

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All right.

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Take it easy.

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Bye-bye.

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So long, Harold.

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Love that guy.

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Hey!

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What do you mean there's somebody out there?

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There's somebody out there.

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Who is it?

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Harold!

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Oh, no, it's...

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That's not the cat, buddy.

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What do you mean, cats don't knock on doors, baby?

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Oh, but they think it's someone speeding by.

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They sound like people are driving me up.

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Now, wait a minute.

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Hey, see that human knock?

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I don't knock.

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You call the police.

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I don't know their number.

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Now, look, the man next door, pal, with the paper...

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He's your friend.

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You like him better than I do.

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You like the college person, like that.

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I didn't go to college.

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You invited him to college.

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I lied about telling him I didn't go.

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You invited him to this house.

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But maybe he started something out there.

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No, no, no, stop!

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I don't know.

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All right, Harold, I'm coming.

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I'm coming, Harold.

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Oh, God, what happened?

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He caught my finger in the door.

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Oh, God, what happened?

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Oh, God, what happened?

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One of the unique characteristics of our age is that we are all within reach.

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Nowhere is this more true than in a big city.

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Large numbers of people live in close proximity.

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No man is an island.

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Thus, it is difficult to escape your neighbor's problems.

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The urban poor are, for all practical purposes, trapped in the city.

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You know, we live in an economy that is more and more interdependent.

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In the old days, if you didn't make it in the city, you had an exit.

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And the exit was to go back to the farm.

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Even in the Depression, the Great Depression,

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a very substantial number of city unemployed went back to the farms.

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Today, I think it's 4% of the workforce is in rural areas,

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and many of them are very poor, marginal farmers.

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Who in the city, slums, has a relative back in the farms?

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Answer.

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Damn few people.

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So that when the slums don't work, as indeed they don't, there's no exit.

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You really are stuck there.

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The old escape hatch was literally migration.

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I mean, you went from the city to the country.

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The new escape hatch has to be the ability to find a workable career in the city itself.

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A livable life in the city itself.

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You've got to find jobs for people.

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You've got to train people to make those jobs.

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Those jobs have to be better than dead-end jobs.

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The top priority has to be for families that are poor to have the kind of incomes

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that will allow them not to be poor anymore.

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We managed to think up almost every other possible intervention,

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but somehow we're not able to see to it that families just don't have to live with low incomes.

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The eradication of poverty would probably do more than any other single act to improve city life.

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But many things are necessary.

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We must tame the explosive growth of the city and tailor it to the needs of the people who must live in it.

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How is this to be done?

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The first step is by simply asking the people what they want.

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By coming in with a fresh idea, first of all, and then slowly approaching the people and the community

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and finding out what's in their minds and what they think should be done.

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Often they have very good ideas which they haven't been able to explain to anybody or get anybody to listen to.

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When we get to re-planning our communities, we can plan them so as to make cooperation much easier,

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make cooperation between parents looking after their children, babysitting.

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Nobody can look after their children successfully if they're 15 stories above the ground

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and their little child who is in need of a mother's help is 15 stories away from them.

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The urban environment is the most complex series of systems we've yet to devise.

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Technology has given us the tools to build enormous buildings in a matter of months.

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It may also help us to build them right.

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At MIT's School of Architecture, computer scientists are working out methods for predicting the effect of urban designs

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before they are actually constructed.

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The problems are too complicated for one man to solve now.

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That's an accepted fact.

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That's why the team concept, for instance, of in designing is becoming very common these days.

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We're just proposing that a machine be one member of the team.

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Let's look at the situation as it now exists.

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It's largely done on the basis of intuitive decision making, on the basis of economic decisions,

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on the basis of people that have money, can make decisions in positions of power.

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They aren't likely to change their mode of decision making unless they're shown something better.

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Charles Libby works with a computer language called discourse, which he helped invent.

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The problem he's working with here is how to arrange the open space within a projected development

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so that it will be most accessible to the children who will live there.

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Stored in the computer's memory are various attributes of the proposed development,

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information from maps and aerial photographs, population densities, and so on.

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Libby first asks the computer to display the kind of information it has on the subject.

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Then he asks how many kids will live there.

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Answer, 1,262.

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In this display, dots indicate low density.

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H indicates high density.

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O stands for open space, or park.

241
00:17:24.460 --> 00:17:27.760
Using mathematical models that describe the way children use parks,

242
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the computer determines the number of kids who will use the park on an average nice day.

243
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Answer, 412.

244
00:17:36.380 --> 00:17:41.880
Libby and the computer then participate in a dialogue that generates alternatives to the original plan.

245
00:17:43.240 --> 00:17:47.400
Finally, they arrive at an arrangement of open space better than the original plan.

246
00:17:49.220 --> 00:17:52.440
473 kids would use the park instead of 412.

247
00:17:53.420 --> 00:18:00.440
A lot of what we're trying to do is to give people access to computers in a much more human way.

248
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Humanize the computers, if you will.

249
00:18:09.420 --> 00:18:12.960
James Taggart works with a computer language called Hunch.

250
00:18:17.060 --> 00:18:22.360
Hunch allows people to communicate with a computer directly by means of sketching.

251
00:18:23.580 --> 00:18:28.060
Other computer languages being developed deal with the interrelationship of common space,

252
00:18:29.200 --> 00:18:33.480
such as an urban neighborhood, and with the flow of services in an urban environment.

253
00:18:33.480 --> 00:18:37.360
Police services, sanitary services, and so forth.

254
00:18:39.240 --> 00:18:42.680
Thus it may be that the computer will form the basis of a nervous system

255
00:18:42.680 --> 00:18:45.820
that will help us coordinate human needs in the built environment.

256
00:18:47.140 --> 00:18:50.300
The computer may help us, but it will not bail us out.

257
00:18:51.320 --> 00:18:54.460
Basically our problems are not technological, but human.

258
00:18:55.400 --> 00:18:56.820
The city is people.

259
00:18:57.680 --> 00:19:01.080
Until, as a society, we come to terms with that fact.

260
00:19:01.660 --> 00:19:06.940
Until we understand that a healthy city must articulate the life and needs of its people,

261
00:19:07.440 --> 00:19:09.700
we have little hope of improving the situation.

262
00:19:11.160 --> 00:19:17.480
In our great cities, a large part of the population show no vestige of the human heritage.

263
00:19:17.920 --> 00:19:22.040
They are hostile to each other and hostile to the rest of the community.

264
00:19:22.740 --> 00:19:27.860
We must, the one great task of man from the very beginning was how to become human.

265
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We must learn this all over again.

266
00:19:59.080 --> 00:20:00.860
Honey, honey, it's so crazy!

267
00:20:01.240 --> 00:20:02.860
No, no, no, no!

268
00:20:04.160 --> 00:20:05.140
No, I'm going to get you!

269
00:20:08.520 --> 00:20:09.580
Doctor, you doctor!

270
00:20:09.660 --> 00:20:10.780
What? I can't hear you.

271
00:20:10.820 --> 00:20:11.900
I've been beaten up and maced.

272
00:20:12.080 --> 00:20:14.780
Oh, you see, you need a bone specialist and an eye, your nose, and a throat.

273
00:20:14.780 --> 00:20:15.660
No, help me.

274
00:20:15.660 --> 00:20:16.940
You understand, I'm a urologist.

275
00:20:16.940 --> 00:20:17.460
I don't care.

276
00:20:17.460 --> 00:20:20.220
If I treat you in the park, buddy, I could get sued for malpractice.

277
00:20:20.220 --> 00:20:20.760
Will you help me?

278
00:20:20.840 --> 00:20:22.640
Let's go and take two after, will you?

279
00:20:23.140 --> 00:20:23.500
Wait!

280
00:20:26.560 --> 00:20:30.240
Oh, you look like you're in pretty bad shape, brother.

281
00:20:30.700 --> 00:20:32.280
You haven't let Zeus into your life.

282
00:20:32.280 --> 00:20:32.940
I don't need it.

283
00:20:32.960 --> 00:20:33.860
He's bringing you peace.

284
00:20:33.960 --> 00:20:34.900
I don't need it.

285
00:20:35.060 --> 00:20:35.680
You don't want peace?

286
00:20:35.760 --> 00:20:36.400
I want peace.

287
00:20:36.440 --> 00:20:36.900
You don't want peace?

288
00:20:37.020 --> 00:20:37.780
What, you're some kind of pig?

289
00:20:37.880 --> 00:20:38.380
You don't want peace?

290
00:20:38.960 --> 00:20:39.880
I don't want peace.

291
00:20:40.100 --> 00:20:41.060
I give you peace.

292
00:20:41.160 --> 00:20:42.180
I'm not a pig.

293
00:20:42.640 --> 00:20:43.480
I'm not a pig.

294
00:20:43.500 --> 00:20:44.840
Hey, who's a pig?

295
00:20:45.280 --> 00:20:45.360
Huh?

296
00:20:45.760 --> 00:20:46.560
You're calling me a pig?

297
00:20:46.880 --> 00:20:47.980
Come on, let them play.

298
00:20:48.220 --> 00:20:49.480
Come on, guys, you make me sick.

299
00:20:50.220 --> 00:20:51.760
Oh, he's screaming about police brutality.

300
00:20:52.280 --> 00:20:53.480
I'll show you police brutality!

301
00:20:54.200 --> 00:20:55.360
Where's your car parked?

302
00:20:55.460 --> 00:20:56.520
I'm going to give you a ticket.

303
00:20:58.260 --> 00:20:59.700
Wait, officer.

304
00:21:14.680 --> 00:21:21.380
The ugliness I find in cities today is the ugliness of a deranged organism, which is

305
00:21:21.380 --> 00:21:22.320
destroying itself.

306
00:21:23.120 --> 00:21:27.440
And it's like a garden full of weeds, or it's like anything that isn't working.

307
00:21:33.700 --> 00:21:40.860
The functional distress of great cities that require people who live in them to suffer

308
00:21:40.860 --> 00:21:47.600
incredible amounts of inconvenience and hazard and delay and so on and wrong drives to work,

309
00:21:49.100 --> 00:21:51.360
they're becoming less and less habitable.

310
00:21:51.360 --> 00:21:56.600
People were too tired at the end of the day to deal seriously with political problems.

311
00:21:57.300 --> 00:21:58.360
They left it to the boss.

312
00:21:58.740 --> 00:22:02.320
Originally, they left it to the king, some kind of centralized authority.

313
00:22:02.840 --> 00:22:06.140
Now they have enough leisure to spend on politics.

314
00:22:06.280 --> 00:22:07.500
There's nothing more fascinating.

315
00:22:07.880 --> 00:22:13.800
Dealing with other men, dealing with manipulating, controlling, cooperating with other men.

316
00:22:13.800 --> 00:22:20.500
And as soon as people learn that this is the real, one of the real games of life, they'll

317
00:22:20.500 --> 00:22:24.440
begin to know politics can be used for many purposes.

318
00:22:24.480 --> 00:22:29.200
It can be used for corrupt purposes too, but it can also be used for enlightened ones.

319
00:22:29.340 --> 00:22:35.660
And when a sufficient number of intelligent, animated, and emotionally undisturbed citizens

320
00:22:35.660 --> 00:22:41.760
are interested in politics, the city's new kind of city will grow around us faster than ever before.

321
00:22:42.400 --> 00:22:48.400
I believe direct citizens action is necessary in Chicago simply because our elected officials

322
00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:53.180
are responsible to the democratic machine, they're responsible to big business, and they're

323
00:22:53.180 --> 00:22:54.420
all responsible to money.

324
00:22:54.660 --> 00:22:57.800
But they are not responsible to the average citizen, you and me.

325
00:22:58.640 --> 00:23:00.440
We have a perfect example today.

326
00:23:01.020 --> 00:23:07.040
A hundred senior citizens, taxpayers and residents of Chicago, some of them for 50 years.

327
00:23:07.620 --> 00:23:10.200
They were down at the county board with a simple plea.

328
00:23:10.200 --> 00:23:12.100
Help us save our homes.

329
00:23:12.700 --> 00:23:19.140
In Chicago, a group called the Citizens Action Program is composed of intelligent, animated,

330
00:23:19.580 --> 00:23:22.680
and emotionally undisturbed citizens interested in politics.

331
00:23:23.960 --> 00:23:28.480
CAP participates in the political life of the city, and not just in an election year.

332
00:23:29.820 --> 00:23:34.700
Dennis Sweeney, who's worked with CAP for more than a year now, is an ex-Chicago policeman

333
00:23:34.700 --> 00:23:38.640
who learned a lot about how the city operates while he was on the force.

334
00:23:38.640 --> 00:23:42.380
As a patrolman on the street, generally you only see the small things.

335
00:23:43.180 --> 00:23:45.780
But you learn right off that money means power.

336
00:23:47.200 --> 00:23:52.480
I'm talking about things as small as fixing a parking ticket, the things as large as getting

337
00:23:52.480 --> 00:23:55.520
a permit to build lake point towers on the lakefront.

338
00:23:56.180 --> 00:23:57.760
It all comes down to the same thing.

339
00:23:58.380 --> 00:24:00.500
At CAP, we feel there's only one answer.

340
00:24:00.780 --> 00:24:02.880
That's what Len Doobie calls people power.

341
00:24:03.980 --> 00:24:07.500
Lots of people with big mouths, and they use them.

342
00:24:07.500 --> 00:24:14.160
And that's all we've got besides our research and occasional technical expertise to fight

343
00:24:14.160 --> 00:24:17.620
the men who want to destroy our lake and enable urban progress.

344
00:24:18.460 --> 00:24:22.600
Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, I'm Paul Booth.

345
00:24:22.820 --> 00:24:25.740
I'm representing the Citizens Action Program, or CAP.

346
00:24:26.540 --> 00:24:30.160
Citizens Action Program is an ecology organization.

347
00:24:30.360 --> 00:24:32.240
It is also a taxpayers' organization.

348
00:24:34.300 --> 00:24:39.100
It is not true that this is a tax boon to the city of Chicago, these high-rise plans.

349
00:24:39.120 --> 00:24:41.200
In fact, it is a tax drain.

350
00:24:42.000 --> 00:24:47.480
There is another city in the world, it was said that there are none with lakefronts as beautiful as ours.

351
00:24:47.480 --> 00:24:52.100
There's at least one, Geneva, Switzerland, where some of our local politicians bank.

352
00:24:55.280 --> 00:24:58.620
You can be sure that they don't build high-rises on that lakefront.

353
00:24:58.620 --> 00:25:04.980
As a politician and as a legislator, when you refer to politicians who bank in Switzerland,

354
00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:08.640
you cast a despairing remark against me.

355
00:25:09.080 --> 00:25:12.040
And as a witness, that doesn't go over too well.

356
00:25:12.300 --> 00:25:18.220
The citizens and taxpayers of Chicago believe that the same people who have been victimizing us

357
00:25:18.220 --> 00:25:22.080
by rigging the taxes in favor of special interests against the ordinary taxpayer,

358
00:25:22.760 --> 00:25:27.960
the same interests, for example, that kept that icy air rights area that we're talking about

359
00:25:27.960 --> 00:25:34.560
off the tax rolls, illegally off the tax rolls, for 18 months after it was turned over for commercial development.

360
00:25:35.700 --> 00:25:38.360
A shocking deprivation of money when the schools need money.

361
00:25:38.880 --> 00:25:45.440
You don't think that if a small homeowner has an improvement that they omit that from the tax rolls,

362
00:25:45.600 --> 00:25:51.100
but $6 million in tax money was lost annually, those same people who run that crooked assessor's office,

363
00:25:51.140 --> 00:25:52.580
some of them have been indicted.

364
00:25:52.580 --> 00:25:57.400
I think it's highly irregular to go into the taxing authorities to charge criminal.

365
00:25:57.540 --> 00:25:59.540
That has nothing to do with the bill. It's not germane to these hearings.

366
00:25:59.700 --> 00:26:01.880
And I'm going to rule it out of order and we'll continue with the next question.

367
00:26:02.160 --> 00:26:03.700
Well, Senator, the question was raised.

368
00:26:04.100 --> 00:26:06.320
I realize that, Senator, the question was raised.

369
00:26:06.980 --> 00:26:09.600
Representative Mann, you are not going to jot me down.

370
00:26:09.960 --> 00:26:12.820
The question has been answered and we've gone beyond the question.

371
00:26:12.860 --> 00:26:15.280
Now, do you want to hold these hearings or don't you? It's your bill.

372
00:26:15.620 --> 00:26:16.060
Next question.

373
00:26:16.360 --> 00:26:18.100
We went to St. Philip and got these hearings.

374
00:26:18.300 --> 00:26:20.340
Please, please, please, whoever's out there.

375
00:26:20.340 --> 00:26:21.340
How do you have to leave?

376
00:26:21.600 --> 00:26:25.020
All right, you may. You're asked to leave and you can't keep still.

377
00:26:25.240 --> 00:26:26.080
I'm leaving, but you're putting me on the job.

378
00:26:26.220 --> 00:26:29.360
Goodbye, goodbye. Go escort him out, if you will, please.

379
00:26:29.540 --> 00:26:30.420
Ladies and gentlemen.

380
00:26:30.540 --> 00:26:33.320
Well, then get out. If you can't keep your mouth shut, get out.

381
00:26:33.320 --> 00:26:34.780
Don't spoil it for everybody else.

382
00:26:35.720 --> 00:26:37.400
These other people want this bill heard.

383
00:26:39.400 --> 00:26:41.380
Shut your big mouth and get out.

384
00:26:42.120 --> 00:26:44.620
Oh, I really must say this.

385
00:26:44.620 --> 00:26:46.660
Now, you may sit down. You may leave also.

386
00:26:46.660 --> 00:26:47.480
I'm not waiting.

387
00:26:47.820 --> 00:26:49.200
Do you want me to close this up?

388
00:26:49.200 --> 00:26:50.700
Sit down. You're out of order.

389
00:26:51.600 --> 00:26:53.500
Now, we came here to hear it.

390
00:26:53.940 --> 00:26:55.380
This is completely irrelevant to me.

391
00:26:55.460 --> 00:26:55.900
You may leave, Joe.

392
00:26:56.140 --> 00:26:56.580
Sit down.

393
00:26:57.640 --> 00:27:01.620
Most people have the notion that if any great change is to be affected,

394
00:27:01.720 --> 00:27:04.740
it will be done through the government or through the bureaucracy

395
00:27:04.740 --> 00:27:07.820
or through education, somebody else's education.

396
00:27:08.320 --> 00:27:11.880
Whereas the only place where any real change begins is with oneself.

397
00:27:18.440 --> 00:27:20.100
The city is people.

398
00:27:20.800 --> 00:27:23.240
It is people that are the real riches of the city.

399
00:27:24.040 --> 00:27:27.120
People who suffer from the city's current harshness and hazards,

400
00:27:27.900 --> 00:27:29.620
and people who must change it.

401
00:27:32.700 --> 00:27:35.960
Our cities and city governments have become too big

402
00:27:35.960 --> 00:27:38.200
to manage intelligently from a central authority.

403
00:27:39.140 --> 00:27:41.860
They are over-centralized, and, according to the law,

404
00:27:41.860 --> 00:27:41.860


405
00:27:41.860 --> 00:27:41.860


406
00:27:41.860 --> 00:27:45.240
according to experts like Lewis Mumford, should be decentralized.

407
00:27:46.940 --> 00:27:50.160
Each area of the city should be able to exercise control

408
00:27:50.160 --> 00:27:53.100
over the affairs of life that directly concern it.

409
00:27:54.440 --> 00:27:58.980
At the heart of a healthy city is the village, the small community, the neighborhood.

410
00:28:00.160 --> 00:28:03.700
At the heart of the neighborhood is the individual who feels that,

411
00:28:04.140 --> 00:28:07.320
if something is wrong, he can do something to change it.

412
00:28:08.480 --> 00:28:12.280
A healthy city is one in which the people, all the people,

413
00:28:13.140 --> 00:28:14.920
have a stake in the functioning order,

414
00:28:15.900 --> 00:28:18.140
something to lose if that order breaks down,

415
00:28:19.320 --> 00:28:21.320
a sense that it is responsive to their needs.

416
00:28:39.160 --> 00:28:43.700
And we are never alone, we eat, drink, play.

417
00:28:44.100 --> 00:28:47.860
And we are never alone, we eat, drink, play.

418
00:28:47.860 --> 00:28:52.240
La la la la la la la la la la la la